There are only creative personalities here.Nothing is exhausted by this ten … However:
Edgar Allan in 1809–1849, American writer, poet
Diagnosis. "Soul disorder", the exact diagnosis is not established.
Symptoms. Fear of darkness, failures in memory, mania of persecution, inadequate behavior, hallucinations.
In the article by Hulio Cortasara “Edgar’s Life”, there is a description of one of the attacks of the writer’s illness for the soul: “Somewhere in July 1842, having fallen into a half-crazy state, he made a trip from Philadelphia to New York, where he was suddenly led to Mary Devro, the same girl, whose uncle had once depressed the whip. Mary was married, and Edgar took possession of an absurd desire to get to see if she loves her husband. He had to cross the river on a ferry several times back and forth, asking all the oncoming address of Mary. But he still got to her house and arranged an ugly scene there. Then he remained to drink tea (it is easy to imagine his faces of Mary and her sister, who had to endure him against his will, since he entered the house in their absence). Finally, the guest left, but first froze with a knife several radishes and demanded that Mary sang his favorite song. Only a few days later, Mrs. Clem, who had been knocked down, was able to find Edgar with the help of responsive neighbors, who wandered through the surrounding forests in the full dug for the dug. ".
Medical history: already since the late 1830s, Edgar suffered from frequent depression. In addition, he abused alcohol, which affected his psyche in the best way: under the influence of the drunk, the writer sometimes fell into a state of violent insanity. Opius soon increased to alcohol.
He significantly worsened the spiritual state of the serious illness of his young spouse (he took his cousin Virginia to his wife thirteen years old; after seven years of marriage, in 1842, she fell ill with tuberculosis, and died five years later).
After the death of Virginia – for the remaining two years of his life – Edgar fell in love with two more times and made two attempts to marry. The first failed due to the refusal of the chosen one, frightened by his next “breakdown”, the second-because of the groom’s failure: shortly before the wedding, he got drunk very much and fell into a non-insane state. It was found in a cheap Baltic tavern five days later (the man who called the doctor to him described by a "gentleman, very badly dressed"). The writer was placed in the clinic, where he died another five days later, suffering from terrible hallucinations. One of the main nightmares in solitude – contrary to all his “precautions”, came true: a lot of whom he made a promise “to be with him at the last hour”, but at three in the morning, on October 7, 1849, none of his loved ones were under him. Before his death, Jeremy Reynolds, a researcher of the North Pole, was desperately called.
What he infected us. Two popular modern literary genres.
The first is a romance (or story) horror. The Hoffmann had a great influence on Edgar, however, the Hoffmann gloomy romanticism for the first time thickened to the consistency of the genuine nightmare-viscous, hopeless and very sophisticated (“heart-reinforced heart”, “the fall of the House of Escers”).
The second genre is a detective. It was Monsieur Auguste Dupin, the hero of the stories of Edgar Po (“Murder on the Street Morg”, “The Secret of Marie Roger”), who became the forerunner of Conan-Dyulevsky Sherlock Holmes with his deductive method.
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche 1844–1900, German philosopher
Diagnosis. Nuclear “mosaic” schizophrenia (a more literary option, designated in most biographies, is obsession), possibly against the background of syphilis.
Symptoms. Mania of greatness (sent notes with the text: “Two months later, I will become the first person on the ground”, demanded to remove the picture from the walls, for his apartment is “temple”);darkening reason (hugged with a horse in the central city square, interfering with street movement);severe headaches;Inadequate behavior. Nietzsche’s medical record, in particular, said that the patient drank his urine from his boot, emitted inarticulate screams, took a hospital watchman behind Bismarck, tried to barricade the door with fragments of a broken glass, slept on the floor by the bed, jumped like a cowline, grimaced and protruded the left shoulder.
Medical history. Nietzsche suffered several apoplexy strokes;He suffered from a mental disorder for the last 20 years of his life (it was during this period that his most significant works appeared – for example, “so said Zarathustra”), he spent 11 of them in psychiatric clinics, his mother took care of at home about him. His condition was constantly worsening – at the end of his life, the philosopher could make up only the simplest phrases, for example: “I am dead because I am stupid” or “I’m stupid because I’m dead”.
What he infected us. The idea of a superman (paradoxically, it is this person who jumped out of the bonfly and protruding the left shoulder of a person is associated with a free, abovemoral, perfect, existing on the other side of good and evil by a person).
The idea of a new morality (“morality of gentlemen” in return “morality of slaves”): healthy morality should glorify and strengthen a person’s natural desire for power. Any other morality is painful and decadent.
The ideology of fascism: the sick and weak must die, the strongest – to win ("Falling intelligence!").
Admission: "God is dead".
Ernest Miller Hemingway 1899–1961, American writer
Diagnosis. Acute depression, mental disorder.
Symptoms. Suicidal inclinations, persecution mania, nervous breakdowns.
The history of the disease in 1960 Hemingway returned from Cuba to the United States. He was tormented by frequent depression, a sense of fear and uncertainty, he practically could not write – and therefore voluntarily agreed to undergo treatment in a psychiatric clinic. Hemingway suffered 20 sessions of electric shock, he spoke about these procedures: “Doctors who did an electric shock do not understand writers … What was the point of destroying my brain and washing my memory, which represents my capital and throw me to the side of life? It was a brilliant treatment, but they lost the patient ". Upon leaving the clinic, Hemingway was convinced that he still could not write, and made the first attempt to suicide, but relatives managed to interfere with him. At the request of his wife, he went through a second course of treatment, but did not change his intentions. A few days after discharge, he shot himself in the head from his beloved double -barreled man, having previously charged both trunks.
What he infected us. "Lost generation". Hemingway, like his Remarus Comrade, had in mind a specific generation, grinded by the millstones of a particular war, but the term turned out to be painfully seductive and convenient – since then each generation finds the reasons to consider itself lost.
New literary technique, “Iceberg method” – when a stingy, compressed, colorless text implies a generous, heartbreaking subtext.
"Machism" of a new model, embodied both in creativity and in life. Hemingway hero is a harsh and laconic fighter who understands that the struggle is useless, but fights until the end. Perhaps the most uncompromising Heminguevsky Macho, perhaps, the fisherman Santiago (“Old Man and the Sea”), in the mouth of which the great Ham put the phrase: “A man was not created to endure the defeat. A person can be destroyed, but he cannot be defeated ". Hemingway himself is a hunter, a soldier, an athlete, a sailor, a fisherman, a traveler, a Nobel laureate, whose body was completely covered by scars – to the great disappointment of many, "did not fight" to the end. However, the writer did not change his ideals. “A man has no right to die in bed,” he said. – either in battle, or a bullet in the forehead ".
John Forbs Nash Rod. In 1928, American https://majestyslotscasino.co.uk/ mathematician, Nobel laureate. The general public is known for the film by Ron Howard "Games of reason"
Diagnosis. Paranoid schizophrenia.
Symptoms. Personal mania, obsessive ideas, nonsense, difficulties of self -identification, conversations with non -existent interlocutors.
Medical history. In 1958, Fortune magazine called Nash as an ascending star of America in New Mathematics. In the same year, he manifested the first symptoms of the disease. In 1959, Nash was fired from work and placed in a psychiatric clinic in a suburbs of Boston (McLan Hospital) for compulsory treatment. After the course of chemotherapy, his condition improved slightly, he was discharged from the hospital and, together with his wife Alisia, Lard left for Europe, where he tried to settle in the status of a “political refugee”. Nash was refused political asylum, after a while he was deported from France to the United States. The family settled in Princeton. John Nash did not work;his disease quickly progressed.
In 1961, he was placed in Trenton State Hospital in New Jersey, where he went through insulin therapy. However, after discharge, Nash again fled to Europe, leaving his wife and child (in 1962, Alicia made a divorce, but continued to help her ex-husband).
Upon returning to the United States, Nash began to regularly accept antipsychotic agents, and his condition improved so much that his colleagues staged him to work at Princeton University. However, after some time, he refused to treat, fearing that medicines could damage his mental abilities and scientific work – another exacerbation happened.
For many years, Nash paid visits to Princeton, writing out incomprehensible formulas on the boards and talking with the “voices” … Students and professors were already used to him, as a harmless ghost, when in the mid-80s of Nash, to universal surprise, he came to his senses and again engaged in mathematics.
In 1994, 66-year-old John Nash (together with Rainhard Zeleten and John Harsani) received the Nobel Prize in Economics "For Analysis of Equilibrium in the theory of Nonoperative Games".
In 2001, Nash married Alicia Lard again.
What he infected us. A new scientific approach to the economic theory of games and the so -called mathematics of competition: Nash abandoned the standard script “Winner – Loser” and designed a mathematical model, in which both competing parties only lose from the continuation of rivalry. This scenario received the conditional name “Nash’s balance”: players retain balance, because any change can worsen their position. Nash’s research in the field of games theory was actively used by Americans during the Cold War.
Jonathan Swift 1667–1745 Irish writer
Iagnosis. Peak disease or Alzheimer’s disease – experts argue.
Symptoms. Dizziness, disorientation in space, loss of memory, inability to recognize people and surrounding objects, to capture the meaning of human speech.
Medical history. Gradual growth of symptoms up to complete dementia at the end of life.
What he infected us. New form of political satire. “Gulliver’s travels”, of course, is not the first sarcastic look of the enlightened intellectual on the surrounding reality, but innovation here is not in the look, but in optics. While other mockery looked at life through a magnifying glass or at the telescope, the dean of the Council of St. Patrick made a lens with a very crooked glass for this. Subsequently, Nikolai Gogol and Saltykov-Shchedrin used this lens with pleasure.
Jean-Jacques Russo 1712–1778 French writer and philosopher
Symptoms. The mania of persecution.
Medical history. As a result of the writer’s conflict with the Church and the Government (the beginning of the 1760s, after the release of the book “Emil, or on Education”), the initially characteristic of Rousseau acquired extremely painful forms. He had conspiracies everywhere, he led the life of a wanderer and did not linger for a long time anywhere, believing that all his friends and acquaintances were attached against him or suspect him of something (so, Rousseau once decided that the inhabitants of the castle in which he was visiting the deceased servant considered him an autopsy) and demanded an autopsy).
What he infected us. Pedagogical reform. Modern benefits for raising children on many points are repeated by “Emil …”: 1) instead of the “repressive” method of education, Russo proposed a method of promotion and affection;2) he believed that the child should be released from the mechanical focusing of dry facts, and explain everything with live examples, and only when the child will be mentally ready to perceive new information;3) the task of pedagogy Rousseau considered the development of talents laid down by nature, and not a personality adjustment;4) the punishment, according to Russo, should be a natural consequence of the child’s behavior, and not by the manifestation of the power of the weak;5) Rousseau advised mothers to independently feed their children, and not trust them with nurse (today’s pediatrics believes that only breast milk has a positive effect on the child’s health);6) Rousseau even spoke out against a swaddling that limits the freedom of movement of the baby.
New type of literary hero and new literary directions. The beautiful creature generated by Roussea, a tearful “savage”, guided not by reason, but a feeling (however with high -moral feeling), further developed, grew and old in the framework of sentimentalism and romanticism.
The idea of a legal democratic state (directly arising from the essay "On the Public Treaty").
The revolution (it was the “public agreement” that were inspired by the fighters for the ideals of the Great French Revolution; Rousseau himself, paradoxically, was never a supporter of such radical measures)
Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol 1809–1852 Russian writer
Diagnosis. Schizophrenia, periodic psychosis.
Symptoms. Visual and auditory hallucinations;periods of apathy and inhibitance (up to complete immobility and inability to respond to external stimuli), replaced by bouts of excitement;depressive states;Hypochondria in an acute form (the great writer was convinced that all organs in his body were somewhat shifted, and the stomach is located “upside down”);claustrophobia.
Medical history. Certain manifestations of schizophrenia accompanied Gogol throughout his life, but in the last year the disease progressed markedly. On January 26, 1852, the sister of his close friend (Ekaterina Mikhailovna Khomyakova) died from typhus, and this death caused the writer a strong attack of hypochondria (“Fear of death found me,” he complained). Gogol plunged into unceasing prayers, practically refused food, complained about weakness and malaise and claimed that he was mortally ill, although doctors of no illness, except for a small gastrointestinal disorder, was not diagnosed with him. On the night of February 11 to 12, the writer burned his manuscripts (the next morning he explained this act by machinations of the evil one), then his condition was constantly deteriorated. Treatment (not too much professional: leeches in the nostrils, wrapping with cold sheets and dipping the head into ice water) did not give positive results. February 21, 1852, the writer died. The true causes of his death remained unclear, there are various hypotheses – from mercury poisoning to the fulfillment of contract obligations in relation to the enemy of the human race. However, most likely, Gogol simply brought himself to complete nervous and physical exhaustion – it is possible that the timely help of a psychiatrist could save his life.
What he infected us. A specific love for a small person (layman), consisting of half of disgust and half out of pity.
A whole bouquet is surprisingly accurately found by Russian types. Gogol developed several “role models” (the most striking – models “Bashmachkin” and “Chichikov”), which are still quite relevant.
Guy de Maupassan 1850–1893 French writer
Diagnosis. Progressive brain paralysis.
Symptoms. Hypochondria, suicidal inclinations, riot seizures, nonsense, hallucinations.
Medical history. All his life Guy de Maupassant suffered from a hypochondria: he was very afraid to go crazy. Since 1884, Maupassant began frequent nervous seizures and hallucinations. In a state of extreme nervous excitement, he twice tried to commit suicide (once with the help of a revolver, the second – using a knife for paper, both times unsuccessfully). In 1891, the writer was placed in the clinic of Dr. Blanche in Passy-there he lived, in a semi-conscious state, until his death.
What he infected us. Physiologism and naturalism (including erotic) in the literature.
The need to tirelessly fight the soulless consumption society (the peculiar clones of the “dear friend” are diligently recreated by the now resilient French writers Michel Welbek and Frederick Begbeder, our Sergey Minaev is trying to keep up).
Vincent Willem Van Gog 1853–1890 Dutch artist
Symptoms. Visual and auditory hallucinations, delirium, bouts of gloomy and aggression, replaced by unmotivated joyful excitement, suicidal inclinations.
Medical history. In the last three years of life, the artist’s illness has greatly progressed, its attacks have become more frequent. During one of these seizures, the artist performed the famous surgical operation: he cut off his left lobe and lower part of the auricle (he packed a cut fragment in an envelope and sent his lover as a souvenir as a souvenir). Van Gogh was placed in a hospital for mentally ill in Arle, then in Saint-Rremi and Over-Sur-UAZ. The artist realized his illness (“I have to adapt to the role of the obsessed without approval,” one of his letters said). Until his death, he continued to work, despite the complete lack of interest in his works by buyers, led a beggarly lifestyle, starved (according to some testimonies, he sometimes ate his colors during his work). It was during the period of “darkening” that the paintings “Night Cafe”, “Red Vineyards in Arle”, “The Road with Cypresses and Stars”, “The Landscape in the Overe after the Rain” … July 27, 1890, Van Gogh, mortally wounded himself with a shot from a pistol were created.
What he infected us. Animation. The creative manner of Van Gogh (bright colors, dynamic plots, grotesque distorted reality, the atmosphere of a nightmare or, on the contrary, happy children’s sleep) formed the basis of many works of contemporary artists-multipliers.
Understanding that the artistic value of any work is a very relative thing: a beggar madman, who was a small curve of sunflowers and sipped absinthe, posthumously became a record holder of auction sales.
Sergey Alexandrovich Yesenin 1895–1925, Russian poet
Diagnosis. Manic-depressive psychosis (MDP).
Symptoms. The mania of persecution, sudden outbreaks of rage, inadequate behavior (the poet publicly destroyed furniture, beat mirrors and dishes, shouted insults).
Several cases of Yesenin’s darkenness, Anatoly Mariengof, described in his memoirs, not without relishing. Here is one of them: “In my room, on the wall, a Ukrainian carpet with large red and yellow colors. Yesenin stopped at them. Seconds crawled ominously and the Esenin pupils creeped even sinister, devouring the rainbow shell. Narrow proteins rings were filled with blood. And the black holes of the pupils are terrible, bare madness. Yesenin got up from his chair, crumpled a napkin and, giving it to me, croaked in his ear:
– Seryozha, this is a carpet … a carpet … and these are flowers ..
Black holes flashed with hatred:
He grabbed an empty bottle and gritted his jaws:
– I will smash … in the blood … noses … in the blood … I will smoke ..
I took a napkin and began to drive it along the carpet – wiping red and yellow faces, wrinkled delusional noses. Yesenin wheezed. My heart is cold … "
("Roman without lies").
Medical history. Due to the frequently repeated attacks of MDP, which, as a rule, provoked excessive drinking of alcohol, Yesenin was treated several times in neuropsychiatric clinics-in France and in Russia. Unfortunately, the treatment did not have a beneficial effect on the patient: a month after discharge from the clinic of Professor Gannushkin, Yesenin committed suicide, hanging on a steam heating pipe at the Angletter Leningrad Hotel (in the 1970s there was also a version of the murder of the poet with subsequent staging of suicide; this version was not proven).
What he infected us. New intonations. Yesenin made hysteroidal stylistic norm, with a tear and sobs, love for the village and a village resident (his direct followers are not in the stylistic, but in the ideological sense – “villagers”).
Yesenin, who worked a lot in the genre of the city hooligan romance, in fact, set the canon of the modern Russian chanson.
